GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET FORECAST 2019-2027
Global Lead Acid Battery Market By Type(Flooded Batteries, Enhanced Flooded Batteries, Vrla Batteries) by Products(SLI Battery, Micro Hybrid Battery) by End-user(Stationary Applications, Automotive Applications, Motive Applications) & by Geography
Lead acid batteries are wet batteries that contain lead and acid as an electrolyte to store electrical energy. Lead acid batteries have a large power-to-weight ratio that gives it the ability to supply a high surge of current. Furthermore, these batteries are rechargeable in nature making it suitable for automobile, telecom, uninterrupted power supplies(UPS) devices and other application where high current is required. Lead acid batteries in the automobiles supply power to the ignition and starter system in an automobile engine and power up the electrical circuits within the vehicle. They act as a voltage stabilizer by neutralizing the voltage spikes in the electrical system. The lead acid batteries find application in passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles, heavy commercial vehicles, etc. and can be broadly classified into SLI batteries and micro hybrid batteries. Global lead acid battery market is estimated to grow with 3.83% CAGR during the year 2019-2027. The base year considered for the study is 2018 and the estimated period is between 2019 and 2027. The growth of this market is driven by the following factors:
- Rising numbers of automotive vehicles sales
- Low cost of lead-acid batteries as compared to its alternative
- Increasing demand in electric powered vehicles
- High sustainability as compared to alternative products
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The most important driver is the high number of automotive sales. Intensifying automotive vehicles sales is the key driver for the global lead-acid battery market. The automotive sector is one of the key end-user of the lead-acid batteries. These lead-acid batteries are stationary ones that are used in automotive for SLI (Starting, Lightening and ignition) and Motive Lead Acid batteries (MLA) are used in vehicles involved in railroads, mining, heavy-duty equipment’s, etc. However, lead-acid batteries are mostly adopted in automobiles for SLI application. The rising rate of commercial and passenger cars manufacture is boosting automotive industry. Thus subsequently, a rising number of motor vehicle production is expected to raise the demand of lead-acid batteries primarily for the SLI (Start, lightening and Ignition) to power the engined. The rising number of automotive vehicle sale is boosting the demand for lead-acid batteries, and thus, is a key driver for the global lead-acid battery market growth.
The largest segmented market by type is that of flooded batteries. Flooded battery market comprises the market of lead-acid batteries with a deep charge cycle to provide superior long-term energy delivery. According to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE International), Michigan, most of the conventional start-stop systems such as automotive and hybrid electric vehicles use flooded batteries. Flooded batteries are more resistant to overcharging as they are filled with water. Flooded lead-acid batteries are also a perfect choice for gas powered vehicles. Other applications of flooded batteries lie in small and portable equipment’s like that of UPS, etc. Due to resistance towards overcharging of flooded batteries, vehicle electrification demands flooded batteries to perform immediate ignition (starting of the engine), this particular will contribute to the growth of the global lead-acid battery market during the forecast period. While the fastest growing type is enhanced flooded battery, enhanced flooded batteries market deals with the advanced version of standard flooded technology (flooded batteries). It delivers superior performance and reliability as compared to the standard lead-acid battery. It can support a high number of engine starts and off periods, and also it is used in a computer system for uninterrupted power supply. This application leads to the increased usage of enhanced flooded batteries in UPS, passenger cars, heavy and light commercial vehicles, trolling motor, audio equipment, etc. Enhanced flooded batteries are considered to be ideal for start-stop vehicle technologies such as lighting, ignition and initialization and are majorly used in commercial vehicles and passenger cars.
The lead-acid battery’s usage has adverse effects on the environment & humans, that demands stringent government regulations. Also, the low energy density of the products can restrain the future sales rate of these type of batteries. The most important restraint is their antagonistical effect on the environment. Although the lead-acid battery is the conventional rechargeable battery and is used on a large scale in the automotive industry, it still has various adverse effects on humans as well as the environment. As the lead-acid battery is made up of lead, which is a highly toxic metal and also the electrolyte is made up of approximately 36% sulphuric acid, which is a highly corrosive acid. As, both of these elements together are harmful to humans and they cause various disorders such as damaged central nervous system, etc. Thus, the various disorders caused by the use of lead-acid battery will restrict the growth in the global automotive lead acid battery market.
The report on global lead-acid battery includes segmentation on the basis of product, type, end user and customer segment.
Product is sub-segmented into:
- SLI Batteries
- Micro Hybrid Batteries
Type is sub-segmented into:
- Flooded Batteries
- Enhanced Flooded Batteries
- VRLA Batteries
End user is sub-segmented into:
- Automotive
- Passenger car
- LCVs AND HCVs
- Two Wheelers
- Three wheelers
- Telecommunication
- UPS
- Others
Customer segment is sub-segmented into:
- Entertainment
- Hospitality
- Transportation
- Government
- Banking & financial services
- Healthcare
- Retail
- Others
Geographically, the global lead-acid battery market has been segmented on the basis of four major regions, which are:
- Lead Acid Battery North America Market: The United States & Canada
- Lead Acid Battery Europe Market: The United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Russia & Rest of Europe
- Lead Acid Battery Asia Pacific Market: China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, & Rest of Asia Pacific
- Rest of World: Latin America, Middle East & Africa
The Asia Pacific is the largest market as well as the fastest region for lead-acid battery market. This regional market is mainly driven by the enhanced demand for electric vehicles in China along with the dominant market share of China in the automotive sector. According to the Bureau of Transportation China is the largest automobile producing country across the globe which include the production and manufacturing of both the commercial as well as passenger vehicles. According to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, automobile sector has been on an upsurge in India because the country is leading in terms of sales of two-wheeler vehicles that had surpassed that of China by 2015. Lead-acid batteries have their pivotal utility in SLI (Starting, Lighting and Ignition) of the two-wheeled vehicles. The presence of many multinational organizations such as Honda and Toyota in Japan has also fueled the demand of lead acid batteries as they are used in both the traditional multi-systems cars and micro hybrid cars.
The major market players of the global lead-acid battery market are:
- Crown battery
- North Star Ltd.
- Johnson Controls, Inc.
- Exide Technologies Inc.
- EnerSys
Company profiles cover analysis of the imperative market players. These companies are using organic and inorganic strategies for growth. For instance, in December 2018, EnerSys acquired Alpha Technologies Group of the companies “Alpha Group”. In October 2018, Amara Raja Batteries Ltd. and Johnson Controls, Inc. have signed a technology collaboration agreement to bring in a new wave of battery technologies to India. In March 2017, Crown Battery has announced to acquire a Warehouse Energy Power (WEP), to expand its business in Minster/Dayton, Columbus, Toledo and Cleveland, OH.
Key findings of the global lead-acid battery market
- Trends that show increasing demand from emerging economies
- The increasing use of SLA batteries in data centers
- Increasing energy storage applications
Growing demand in off-grid renewable energy generation
- RESEARCH SCOPE
- STUDY GOALS
- SCOPE OF THE MARKET STUDY
- WHO WILL FIND THIS REPORT USEFUL?
- STUDY AND FORECASTING YEARS
- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- SOURCES OF DATA
- SECONDARY DATA
- PRIMARY DATA
- TOP-DOWN APPROACH
- BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
- DATA TRIANGULATION
- SOURCES OF DATA
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- MARKET SUMMARY
- KEY FINDINGS
- TRENDS SHOW INCREASING DEMAND FROM EMERGING ECONOMIES.
- INCREASING USE OF SLA BATTERIES IN DATA CENTERS
- INCREASING ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS
- GROWING DEMAND IN OFF GRID RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION
- MARKET DYNAMICS
- TIMELINE OF LEAD ACID BATTERY
- PARENT MARKET ANALYSIS: BATTERY MARKET
- MARKET SCOPE & DEFINITION
- MARKET DRIVERS
- RISING AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES SALES
- LOW COST OF LEAD ACID BATTERIES AS COMPARED TO ALTERNATIVE
- INCREASING DEMAND IN ELECTRIC POWERED VEHICLES
- HIGH SUSTAINABILITY AS COMPARED TO ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS
- MARKET RESTRAINTS
- ADVERSE EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT & HUMANS
- STRINGENT GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS
- LOW ENERGY DENSITY OF THE PRODUCTS
- MARKET OPPORTUNITY
- INCREASING ADOPTION IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
- INCREASING USAGE IN UPS
- RELIABLE PERFORMANCE OF LEAD ACID BATTERIES
- MARKET CHALLENGE
- ADOPTION OF DRY BATTERIES
- INCREASING LEAD POLLUTION
- MARKET BY PRODUCT
- START LIGHTING IGNITION (SLI) BATTERY
- MICRO HYBRID BATTERIES
- MARKET BY TYPE
- FLOODED BATTERY
- ENHANCED FLOODED BATTERY
- VALVE REGULATED LEAD ACID (VRLA) BATTERY
- MARKET BY END USER
- AUTOMOTIVE
- PASSENGER CAR
- LCV & HCV
- TWO WHEELER
- THREE WHEELER
- TELECOMMUNICATION
- UPS
- OTHERS
- AUTOMOTIVE
- MARKET BY CUSTOMER SEGMENT
- OEM BATTERY
- AFTERMARKET BATTERY
- KEY ANALYTICS
- PORTER’S FIVE FORCE MODEL
- THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
- THREAT OF SUBSTITUTE
- BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
- BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
- THREAT OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
- KEY BUYING CRITERIA
- APPLICATION
- COST
- LIFE SPAN
- OPPORTUNITY MATRIX
- VENDOR LANDSCAPE
- VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
- LEGAL, POLICY & REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
- PORTER’S FIVE FORCE MODEL
- GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
- NORTH AMERICA
- UNITED STATES
- CANADA
- EUROPE
- UNITED KINGDOM
- FRANCE
- GERMANY
- ITALY
- SPAIN
- RUSSIA
- REST OF EUROPE
- ASIA PACIFIC
- CHINA
- INDIA
- JAPAN
- SOUTH KOREA
- AUSTRALIA
- REST OF ASIA PACIFIC
- REST OF WORLD
- LATIN AMERICA
- MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
- NORTH AMERICA
- COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
- MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS
- KEY COMPANY ANALYSIS
- CROWN BATTERY
- NORTH STAR LTD.
- JOHNSON CONTROLS, INC.
- EXIDE TECHNOLOGIES INC.
- ENERSYS
- CORPORATE STRATEGIES
- PRIMARY STRATEGY: STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP
- SECONDARY STRATEGY: ACQUISITION
- COMPANY PROFILES
- B. BATTERY CO.
- C&D TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (ACQUIRED BY KPS CAPITAL PARTNER)
- CROWN BATTERY
- CSB BATTERY COMPANY LTD.
- EAST PENN MANUFACTURING
- ENERSYS
- EXIDE TECHNOLOGIES INC.
- GS YUASA CORPORATION
- JOHNSON CONTROLS, INC.
- NARADA POWER SOURCE CO, LTD
- NIPRESS (INDONESIA)
- NORTHSTAR
- TOSHIBA CORPORATION
- ZIBO TORCH ENERGY CO. LTD.
- REEM BATTERIES & POWER APPLIANCES CO. SAOC
TABLE LIST
TABLE 1: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 2: BATTERY TECHNOLOGY COMPARISON
TABLE 3: TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF BATTERY
TABLE 4: WORLDWIDE LITHIUM ION BATTERY CAPACITY
TABLE 5: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2027, (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 6: GLOBAL SLI LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 7: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – SLI BATTERY MARKET
TABLE 8: GLOBAL MICRO HYBRID LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 9: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – MICRO HYBRID BATTERY MARKET
TABLE 10: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019-2027, (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 11: GLOBAL FLOODED BATTERY LEAD ACID MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 12: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – FLOODED BATTERY MARKET
TABLE 13: GLOBAL LEAD ACID ENHANCED FLOODED BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 14: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – ENHANCED FLOODED BATTERY MARKET
TABLE 15: GLOBAL VRLA LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 16: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – VRLA BATTERY
TABLE 17: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY END USER, 2019-2027, (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 18: GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE LEAD ACID MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 19: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – AUTOMOTIVE
TABLE 20: GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE LEAD ACID MARKET, BY SEGMENTATION, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 21: GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATION LEAD ACID MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 22: GLOBAL UPS LEAD ACID MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 23: GLOBAL OTHER MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 24: KEY PLAYERS AND TECHNOLOGY – OTHER
TABLE 25: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY CUSTOMER SEGMENT 2019-2027, (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 26: GLOBAL OEM LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 27: KEY PLAYERS AND TECHNOLOGY – OEM BATTERY
TABLE 28: GLOBAL AFTERMARKET BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 29: KEY PLAYERS AND TECHNOLOGY – AFTERMARKET BATTERY MARKET
TABLE 30: OPPORTUNITY MATRIX
TABLE 31: VENDOR LANDSCAPE
TABLE 32: LEGAL, POLICY & REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
TABLE 33: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY, 2019-2027, (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 34: NORTH AMERICA LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 35: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – UNITED STATES
TABLE 36: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – CANADA
TABLE 37: EUROPE LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 38: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – UNITED KINGDOM
TABLE 39: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – FRANCE
TABLE 40: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – GERMANY
TABLE 41: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – SPAIN
TABLE 42: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – RUSSIA
TABLE 43: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – REST OF EUROPE
TABLE 44: ASIA PACIFIC LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 45: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – CHINA
TABLE 46: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – INDIA
TABLE 47: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – JAPAN
TABLE 48: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – SOUTH KOREA
TABLE 49: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – AUSTRALIA
TABLE 50: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – REST OF ASIA PACIFIC
TABLE 51: REST OF WORLD LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 52: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – REST OF ASIA PACIFIC
TABLE 53: KEY PLAYERS AND KEY PRODUCTS – MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
FIGURE LIST
FIGURE 1: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY TYPE, 2018 & 2027 (IN %)
FIGURE 2: CHINA AUTOMOBILE PRODUCTION IN 2016
FIGURE 3: FEDERAL IT INFRASTRUCTURE SPEND IN FY 2016 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 4: TIMELINE OF LEAD ACID BATTERY
FIGURE 5: GLOBAL MOTOR VEHICLES PRODUCTION 2016 AND 2017
FIGURE 6: TOTAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE SALE IN THE US IN 2015 AND 2016
FIGURE 7: ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY BATTERIES IN MEGAJOULES PER KG
FIGURE 8: AVERAGE CO2 EMISSIONS PER KG BY BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES
FIGURE 9: RECYCLING RATES-PERCENTAGE OF RECLAIMED MATERIAL IN UNITED STATES
FIGURE 10: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY SLI BATTERY, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 11: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY MICRO HYBRID BATTERY, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 12: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY FLOODED BATTERY, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 13: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY ENHANCED FLOODED BATTERY, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 14: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY VRLA BATTERY, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 15: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY AUTOMOTIVE, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 16: GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY PASSENGER CAR, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 17: GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY LCV & HCV, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 18: GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY TWO WHEELER, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 19: GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY THREE WHEELER, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 20: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY TELECOMMUNICATION, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 21: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY UPS, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 22: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY OTHER, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 23: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY OEM BATTERY, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 24: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY AFTERMARKET BATTERY, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 25: PORTER’S FIVE FORCE ANALYSIS
FIGURE 26: KEY BUYING IMPACT ANALYSIS
FIGURE 27: VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
FIGURE 28: GLOBAL LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, REGIONAL OUTLOOK, 2018 & 2027 (IN %)
FIGURE 29: UNITED STATES LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 30: CANADA LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 31: UNITED KINGDOM LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 32: FRANCE LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 33: GERMANY LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 34: ITALY LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 35: SPAIN LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 36: RUSSIA LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 37: REST OF EUROPE LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 38: CHINA LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 39: INDIA LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 40: JAPAN LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 41: SOUTH KOREA LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 42: AUSTRALIA LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 43: REST OF ASIA PACIFIC LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 44: LATIN AMERICA LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 45: MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA LEAD ACID BATTERY MARKET, 2019-2027 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 46: MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS OF KEY PLAYERS IN 2018 (IN %)
- MARKET BY PRODUCT
- START LIGHTING IGNITION (SLI) BATTERY
- MICRO HYBRID BATTERIES
- MARKET BY TYPE
- FLOODED BATTERY
- ENHANCED FLOODED BATTERY
- VALVE REGULATED LEAD ACID (VRLA) BATTERY
- MARKET BY END USER
- AUTOMOTIVE
- PASSENGER CAR
- LCV & HCV
- TWO WHEELER
- THREE WHEELER
- TELECOMMUNICATION
- UPS
- OTHERS
- AUTOMOTIVE
- MARKET BY CUSTOMER SEGMENT
- OEM BATTERY
- AFTERMARKET BATTERY
- GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
- NORTH AMERICA
- UNITED STATES
- CANADA
- EUROPE
- UNITED KINGDOM
- FRANCE
- GERMANY
- ITALY
- SPAIN
- RUSSIA
- REST OF EUROPE
- ASIA PACIFIC
- CHINA
- INDIA
- JAPAN
- SOUTH KOREA
- AUSTRALIA
- REST OF ASIA PACIFIC
- REST OF WORLD
- LATIN AMERICA
- MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
- NORTH AMERICA
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